In our previous work we
have shown that Ions do not conduct electrical energy in water or aqueous
solution as stated in Arrhenius
theory of electrolytic dissociation.
From our following work it is quite clear that the existing theory
fails to explain the following
i)
“The phenomenon of
electrical earthing”
In the existing theory of electrical earthing
the fate of electrons after it reaches earth through earthing rod/graphite (as
shown in fig.1 &fig.2) remain undefined.
More Detail: “The Phenomenon of Electrical Earthing Explained
ii)
“ The conduction of
direct current/alternating current in
water”
The glowing of LEDs when connected to GRC &GrD cannot be explained by the existing Arrhenius theory of electrolytic conduction (Fig.3)
The glowing of LEDs when connected to GRC &GrD cannot be explained by the existing Arrhenius theory of electrolytic conduction (Fig.3)
More Detail: “Conduction of Alternating Current in Water - A Plausible”
How GrC &GrD shows potential difference of 949 mV when a 9 volt battery is connected to GrA &GrB and all the four electrodes/rods are placed in pure water contained in a beaker (Fig. 4).
Now to explain such electrical conduction we proposed through
our work that it is not ions, as stated in Arhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation , but the Hydrated electrons that conducts electrical energy in
water or aqueous solution having
resemblance to the conduction of electrical energy through delocalization of
valence electrons in metals and
pi-electrons in graphite (non-metal).
In our present work we have
shown that when a
source of 12 volts dc is connected to
two Graphites GrA & GrB placed in distilled water (as shown in Fig5) and two
Graphite rods GrC & GrD are placed
just opposite to GrA & GrB respectively ,the LED(Light Emitting Diode) connected to GrC
& GrD emits moderate light.
Now, according to Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation,
electrical conduction between GrA & GrB may be regarded owing to migration
and neutralization of ions ,as ions have sufficient opportunity for migrating
to the oppositely charged electrodes (cations towards cathode GrB and anions
towards anode GrA) and getting neutralized by accepting or releasing electrons but
approach of any ions to the electrically neutral rods GrC & GrD and its subsequent neutralization by accepting or releasing
electron is quite astonishing. Thus, it is not clear how such rods GrC &
GrD give up or accepts electron having
no charge i.e. in contradiction to Arrhenius theory wherein it is stated that
electrolysis occurs only at the electrodes( i.e. at the cathode and anode where
negative and positive terminal of a battery is connected respectively) with
neutralization of ions by acceptance of electrons by cations at cathode and
release of electrons by anions at the anode.
It is also not defined why and how Gr D
happens to be cathode and supplies electron to the LED i.e. how ions prefer
electrically neutral graphite rods to make it behave as cathode or anode remain
undecided.
It is believed that cations receive electrons from the
cathode and the anions give up their electrons to the anode i.e. the electrons
pass from the cathode to the solution and from the solution to the anode.
But how then the conduction of electrons takes place , through the solution,
in between the electrodes (i.e. cathode
to anode) remain unexplained.
We suggested the following plausible mechanism to help resolve
mysteries of electrical conduction in water:
At the cathode (-ve electrode):
Step 1: Self-ionization of water
Step 2: Reduction (i.e. gain of electrons) of hydronium ion at cathode
2H3O+
+ 2e → 2H2O + H2 ↑
As the water undergoes self ionization
the inflow of electrons from the external source of emf help neutralize positive charge on the
hydronium ion (H3O+) at the cathode and formation of
water and hydrogen gas. But the presence of OH- ions formed at step
1 indicate presence of some definite excess negative charge there. This excess
negative charge retained at the zone
near the cathode, due to inflow of electrons from the external source, may be regarded as hydrated
electron.
At the anode (+ve electrode):
Step 2: Oxidation (i.e. loss of electrons) of hydroxyl ion at anode
4OH-- 4e →4OH → 2H2O + O2 ↑
The loss of electrons to the external source of emf by
hydroxyl ion (OH-) at
the anode result in neutralization of the negative charge on the hydroxyl ion
and help formation of water and oxygen gas. But the presence of H3O+
ions formed at step 1 indicate presence of some definite excess positive
charge there. This excess positive charge at the zone near the anode, due to
outflow of electrons to the external source, may be regarded as hydrated
proton.
Thus, in water negative charge on OH- ion
that remained counterbalanced by the presence of positive charge on hydronium
ion (H3O+), water being electrically neutral, becomes
bare due to reduction of hydronium ion (H3O+) by the
electrons from the external source at cathode. The bare OH- ion, stabilized by water molecules, acts
as hydrated electron.
Thus,
conduction of electrical energy
between two electrodes (cathode & anode) in distilled water is due to
delocalization of hydrated electrons through molecular orientations of water. The
molecular orientations of water being the strength behind homeopathic dilutions.
Kindly follow the link for detail: http://hpathy.com/scientific-research/delocalization-of-hydrated-electrons-conduct-electrical-energy-in-water-or-aqueous-solutions/
