How and why Homeopathy is Scientific
i)
Discovery & use of Homeopathy
Hahnemann got interested in the works
of Anton von Storck an Austrian physician (1731- 1803) for his research on various herbs, including their
toxicity and medicinal properties. Hahnemann following his innovative works
tested even toxic substances for the effects they produced on a healthy
individual, presupposing that they may heal the same ills that they caused. He
later devised methods of diluting the drugs he was testing in order to lessen
their toxic effects. He claimed that these dilutions, when prepared according
to his technique of 'potentization' using dilution and succussion (vigorous
shaking), were still effective in alleviating the same symptoms in the sick. He
started using his homeopathic dilutions as medicines around 1800-1801 by
nullifying the toxicity of toxics through dilutions.
ii)
Determination of Avogadro’s
Number:
Avogadro in 1811 gave us the concept
of having the same number of molecules (or atoms for monoatomic
gases) in equal volumes of different gases at the same
temperature and pressure. Though he proposed the idea of the same number
of molecules in equal volume of different gases under certain conditions, he
didn’t determine the actual number.
In
1865 Loschmidt found the value of Avogadro’s number by estimating the number of particles in a given volume of gas. The number is now known
as the Loschmidt constant and its modern value is 2.69 x 1019
molecules per cm-3 at STP. In 1909 Jean Perrin proposed naming the
constant in honour of Avogadro and estimated the constant with respect to
volume. In 1910 on estimating the
charge on an electron, Robert Millikan determined the Avogadro’s
number accurately by dividing electrical charge per mole (i.e.
9.64853399 x 104 C mol-1 as determined by Michael Faraday
in1834) by the charge on an
electron.
iii) Mode of Action of conventional
medicines:
The chemical entities / molecules are believed to convey the medicinal power in the living body in conventional medicines i.e. the medicinal molecules act directly on the living body.
The chemical entities / molecules are believed to convey the medicinal power in the living body in conventional medicines i.e. the medicinal molecules act directly on the living body.
iv)
Challenge to
homeopathy with reference to Avogadro’s Number:
It
appears that after accurate
determination of Avogadro’s number molecular content of homeopathic dilution
has been calculated and simple mathematical calculations
confirmed absence of any molecules of original substance even at
12c
dilution restricting any possibility of presence of molecules in further higher dilutions
i.e. beyond 12c as shown in table1
below.
Table 1
Type of dilution
|
Solute/
Foreign content
(in ml)
|
Solvent i.e. Distilled water (in ml)
|
Total Solution/content
(in ml)
|
Molecules of NaCl
present
|
Molecules of H2O
present
|
Number of H2O molecules having altered molecular
orientations, added to distilled H2O
|
Mother
Solution (M.S)
|
1gm
NaCl
|
9ml
|
9ml
|
1.0304X1022
|
3.0115X1023
|
Nil
|
1C
|
1ml of MS
|
9ml
|
10ml
|
1.1449X1021
|
3.3461X1023
|
3.3461 X1022 of MS
|
2C
|
1ml of 1C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X1020
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 1C
|
3C
|
1ml of 2C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X1018
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 2C
|
4C
|
1ml of 3C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X1016
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 3C
|
5C
|
1ml of 4C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X1014
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 4C
|
6C
|
1ml of 5C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X1012
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 5C
|
7C
|
1ml of 6C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X1010
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 6C
|
8C
|
1ml of 7C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X1008
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 7C
|
9C
|
1ml of 8C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X1006
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 8C
|
10C
|
1ml of 9C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X1004
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 9C
|
11C
|
1ml of 10C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X1002
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 10C
|
12C
|
1ml of 11C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
1.1449X100
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 11C
|
13C
|
1ml of 12C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
Nil
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of 12C
|
*****
|
||||||
nC
|
1ml of (n-1)C
|
99ml
|
100ml
|
Nil
|
3.3461X1024
|
3.3461 X1022 of
(n-1)C
|
v) Fundamental Contradictions
in Science:
The
main vehicle of homeopathic remedies being water some of its apparent contradictions in regards to its
various electrical properties in relation to generation, conduction and
retention of electrical energy are presented below:
Generation:
a) How
distilled water generates emf with different metals/non-metal electrodes
without chemical reactions or having concentration difference of electrode
/electrolyte as shown in table 2 below
Table 2
Sl No.
|
Electrode pairs
|
Observed emf (in mV) In Distilled water
|
Observed emf (in mV) In human body
|
|
(A)
|
(B)
|
|||
1
|
Gr – Mg
|
1970
|
1180
|
1500
|
2
|
Gr – Zn
|
1150
|
740
|
900
|
3
|
Gr – Pb
|
778
|
534
|
600
|
4
|
Gr – Cu
|
240
|
250
|
270
|
Gr=Graphite, Mg = Magnesium, Zn = Zinc, Pb =Lead, Cu= Copper
“ Generation of Electrode Potential of an
Electrode”
b) How
the human body generates emf with different electrodes without chemical
reactions or having concentration difference electrode /electrolyte (as shown
in Table2 above )
Untold Facts of
Science –The Science Behind Homeopathy
c) How three electrodes (Gr, Cu &
Zn) simultaneously generates emf when placed in distilled water, wherein one
electrode (Cu) acts as positive & negative electrode simultaneously as
shown in figure 1 below
d) How
emf in case of Einthoven triangle is generated i.e. whether there is any
chemical reaction between the human body and electrodes placed on the body or
existence of any concentration gradient in respect of electrode /electrolyte.
“Orientations of
Water Molecules Explains the Einthoven”
e) How
emf in the case of the Electromagnetic
Flowmeter is generated
In the electromagnetic
flow meter, the conductor is water, that when placed in a magnetic field is
able to show induced current due to induced emf. What then generates induced
current in water? It is believed that such generation of emf is due to the presence of ions in water. This suggests
that ions, like electrons are also deflected in the magnetic field, thereby
generating induced emf and hence induced current. Therefore, in water ions seem
to flow between electrodes of Electromagnetic
Flowmeter, in lieu of electrons, while generating emf in presence of a
magnetic field. Further it implies that the difference in concentration of ions
at the electrodes of the Flowmeter generates emf by pushing ions through the
water. This shows that ions not only can move towards the opposite electrodes
as in electrolysis, but also can move even to the neutral electrodes for
generating emf , as in the electromagnetic flow meter!
“Electromagnetic
Flow Meters Generate Emf”
f) The
method used to measure emf in case of Cell
membrane potential is quite amazing Fig 2.
As we are concerned with the potentials due to Na+ & K+ ions in the
intracellular and extracellular region it seems quite contradictory, using such
electrodes that do not contain any reversible ions. Why amalgamated electrodes,
as per existing theories in chemistry are not used, certainly seems a
reasonable question.
“Origin of Cell membrane Potential”
Conduction:
A)
How
Dc emf is conducted from GrA & G rB
to the neutral electrodes GrC & Gr D i.e. why the ions approach to neutral
electrodes for generating emf at GrC –GrD cannot be explained by the existing
theories that allow only approach of any ions to its opposite electrodes while
conduction i.e. cations (positive ion) to cathode(negative electrode) and vice versa. Fig3
“The Key to
Homeopathic Dilution”
B) How AC emf is conducted from GrA&GrB to all the
neutral electrodes 1,2,3&4 i.e. why the ions approach to neutral electrodes
for generating emf at Gr1 to Gr4 cannot be
explained by the existing theories. How the emf is generated at the four
electrodes simultaneously is also surprising. Moreover ,if the generation of
emf at electrodes Gr1 to Gr4 is owing to ionization and subsequent migration of
ions then why there is so much difference in generation of emf,Gr1-Gr2=7.8voltsAC while Gr1-Gr4=15.3volts AC as shown in figure 4
“Conduction of Alternating
Current in Water - A Plausible”
C) How electrical conduction takes place through nerves
by polarization-depolarization- repolarization, remain unexplained As when both the graphite electrodes are held
by hand and the current is said to pass through the human body , more precisely
through the nerve the plausible electrical condition inside the nerve is
depicted in Fig 5.
It appears that
the positive graphite electrode (Gr B) of the circuit will repel the positive
charges outside the membrane and will initiate an action potential therein.
Thereafter, it should propagate rendering negative charges at the outside of
the membrane as per existing theory. On the other hand the negative charge on the
graphite electrode (GrA) of the circuit will attract the positive charges on
the membrane and hence inhibit cropping up of any negative charges in its
vicinity at the outside of the membrane. Thus, any possibility of further
propagation of the action potential initiated at Gr B will be restricted.
Therefore, how the electrical energy proceeds remains unexplained. Moreover
when nerve itself contains sufficient water to carry the electrical impulse why
the conduction through water is not considered !
D) How alternating current(AC) is
conducted through water while earthing /grounding.
“The
Phenomenon of Electrical Earthing Explained”
E) How existing theory help explain
conduction of electrical energy through
even egg shell as shown in figure 6 below. The Gr1-Gr2 that show emf of 21mV
before passing of current through Gr3-Gr4 show emf of about 669mV after passing
of current through Gr3-Gr4 (i.e.about 12volts DC from Adapter)
“The Transmission
of Sensory Impulses as it Relates to the”
Retention:
A) How DC emf is retained even in distilled water i.e.
distilled water is able to hold electrical charge similar to that of a
rechargeable battery / accumulators Fig 7.
Water the Magic
Liquid: Retaining Electrical Energy
B)
The
retention of electrical energy in water is even possible without application
of any external emf (i.e. even without
passing of current from any external source) as found in the following
experiment.
In this experiment a pair of graphite
electrodes (GrA & GrB) & a Zinc (Zn) electrode are simultaneously
dipped in pure /distilled water. The emf’s of GrA – GrB is found to be -13mV Fig 8A.Thereafter the Zn electrode
is connected externally with a metal wire with the graphite electrode GrB (Fig 8B).This
process is allowed to continue for 3 minutes and thereafter both the external
connection and Zinc electrode are removed (Fig 8C). The emf generated by the
pair of graphite electrodes, one minute after removal of external wire and Zn, is
found to be 89 mV i.e. there is
increase in emf of about {89-(-13)}=102mV
for the said graphite pair.
The Science
Behind Retention of Electrical Energy by Water
C) How
AC emf alters DC emf of a pair of
electrodes in distilled water as shown in the following experiment . The DC emf
of Gr & Zn electrodes placed in about 20ml of distilled water is found to
be 802mV (initial emf) . The two terminals of the transformer producing 50
volts AC (actually 56 volts AC) are then connected to Gr & Zn and
alternating current is allowed to pass for 3 minutes. The final emf of Gr &
Zn is recorded as 674mV i.e decrease in emf of (674-802)= -128mV
vi)
Explanations
to the fundamental contradictions in science:
All the stated electrical properties of water remain unexplained by the existing
theories of science. We explained the same considering the fact that:
a) Orientations of water molecules change
according to induced electrical strain .
1Solutions Ionic
or Non-Ionic Conduct & Retain Electrical ..
2)Water the Magic Liquid: Retaining Electrical Energy
b) Water re-orients its molecules as
per necessity during conduction or retention or generation of electrical
energy.
Orientations of
Water Molecules - The Force ...
c)
It is not ions but delocalization of electrons in water molecules that
conduct electrical energy through orientations of water molecules.
Delocalization
of Electrons Through Orientations of ...
vii)
Mode
of action of Homeopathic remedies: The electrical energy of a substance
is actually conveyed through molecular orientations of water by inducing
electrical strain therein as shown by us in our following works ;
a)
In “The homeopathic dilution –a new explanation” (www.hanp.net: Vol. XXI
/SummerFall2008) wherein
we inferred that i) Mother tincture differs from water.
ii)
Water
differs from the different potencies of a crude
substance.
iii)
Different
potencies of a substance differ from
each
Other
iv)
The
same potencies prepared from different substances,
differ from each
other
b) The electrical energy of substances
–the secret of homeopathy
( www.hanp.net
Vol XXII /volumes/winter2009
) wherein
we
inferred that it is not the matter but the electrical property of the matter that
is responsible for creating a change in the orientations of dipoles of water
molecules, consequently resulting in various homeopathic medicines and their
various potencies.
viii)
Micro current
therapy & its mode of Action :
a)
Micro current therapy i.e. supplying of
electrical currents less than 1micro ampere (1µA), to nerves using MENS(Micro current Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulator) through electrodes placed on the
skin was especially used in sports medicine but owing to its outstanding
efficacy it now has extensive use even in chronic cases.
b)
The
micro current is often used to relieve pain instead of analgesics (i.e. paracetamol , NSAID etc). It means that the pain can be get
relieved either by molecules (i.e. by molecules of analgesics) or without any
molecules (i.e. by applying suitable electrical energy only) as found in
homeopathic dilutions. It is thus evident that application of suitable
electrical energy has the same effect as chemicals; the mechanism however may
differ. It is believed that as the micro currents used are in close proximity
to the body’s natural electrical current, at cellular level they are well capable
in restoring its normal activity.
Now here we conclude How and
Why Avogadro’s Number does not Limit efficacy of the Homeopathic Remedies.
#
Homeopathic dilutions have been used
since 1800 and remained unchallenged until determination of Avogadro’s number.
#
Homeopathic
remedies were challenged only after the determination of Avogadro’s number by
Millikan in 1910, a number of years after homeopathy came into use.
#
A
mathematical calculation based on Avogadro’s Number led to the conclusion that
homeopathic dilution must be nothing but placebo after homeopathy had already
been used for 109 years !!
#
It
is not proper to discount homeopathy simply on the basis of Avogadro’s number
without clarifying the existing fundamental contradictions in science as
detailed above.
#
In
conventional medicines the molecules are believed to convey the medicinal power
in the living body but in homeopathic dilutions it is not the molecules of
medicine but the electrical strain
induced in the vehicle, by the
substance, that conveys the medicinal power of a substance in the living
body.
#
When
preparing serial homeopathic dilutions the electrical strain of the latter
differs from the former dilution in regards to difference in molecular
orientations of water (Table1) but cannot be determined due to non-availability of any such scientific instruments and for
which the homeopathic dilution cannot be held responsible.
#
The
mode of action of the micro current therapy and homeopathic dilution seems to
be same i.e. without any molecules and exclusively due to micro current
/electrical strain induced at the cellular level.
Thus for the reasons cited above we suggest homeopathic dilution to be
independent of Avogadro’s number in regards to presence of active medicinal
molecules and instead dependent on electrical strain of water molecules induced
by the medicinal molecules.
Avogadro's
Number Does Not Limit the Efficacy of Homeopathic remedies
Now,
as Avogadro’s number does not disregard efficacy of homeopathic remedies it is
obvious that Homeopathic dilutions are Scientific.
